Geology ed
free textbook at https://opengeology.org/textbook/
Basics ed
- igneous: rocks formed from magma
- sediment
- metamorphic: changed withing the earth
- time
| Eon | Era | Period | Time (Ma) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phanerozoic | Cenozoic | Quaternary | 0-2.6 |
| Neogene | 2.6-23 | ||
| Paleogene | 23-65 | ||
| Mesozoic | Cretateous | 65-145 | |
| Jurassic | 145-199 | ||
| Triassic | 199-251 | ||
| Paleozoic | Permian | 251-299 | |
| Carboniferous | -359 | ||
| Devonian | -416 | ||
| Silurian | -444 | ||
| Ordovician | -488 | ||
| Cambrian | -542 | ||
| Proterozoic | Neoprot. | -1000 | |
| Mesoprot. | -1600 | ||
| Paleoprot. | -2500 | ||
| Archean | -4000 | ||
| Hadean |
- super continents (Wilson cycle)
- Columbia/Nuna 1800-1300
- Rodinia 1000-800 Ma
- Gondwana (south) 600-130
- Pang(a)ea 300-200 Ma
Minerals ed
- composition
- felsic: (feldspar, high Si) low density, lower melting temp, brighter, closer to the surface
- intermediate
- mafic: lower Si, more Mg, Fe,.... mantle, pyroxene, olivene
- ultramafic:
- igneous
- extrusive: quickly to the surface, fine grained
- intrusive/plutonic: cooling slowly below surface, coarse grained
- texture
- phaneritic: large grains, intrusive
- aphanitic: very fine grained, glass like
- pegmatitic: very large grains/crystals
- porphyritic: fine grained with large chunks (phenocrysts), multistage cooling
- vesicular: bubbles from dissolved volatiles
- pumice: extreme vesicular, floats on water
- examples
- olivine: (Fe,Mg)_2 Si O_4, making most of the mantle, ultramafic
- basalt: mafic, extrusive, ocean ridge
- granite: felsic, intrusive
- rhyoliye: felsic, extrusive, pinkish, quartz phenocrysts
- obsidian: felsic, aphanitic
Volcanoes ed
Categories: sonstiges